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Evolution Korea
The democratic system in South Korea is susceptible to populist impulses. However, it is more stable than what one might expect.
The country is in search of an innovative development paradigm. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for the ancestors as well as gendered family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend forming.
Origins
In prehistoric times the ancestors of modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. About 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet and beans as well as other crops. They also raised livestock, and even made furs. They established tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also created a metallurgy industry, producing bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other nations and introduced block and celadon printing to Japan, as well as art styles as well as a written language and papermaking.
Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state adopted Chinese culture that included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. In this time, the inhabitants of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society that included a monarch as well as top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy while the majority of the population was peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens, and sometimes forced them to serve in the army or construct fortifications.
At the close of this period, the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. This new kingdom expanded its territory into the southwest of the peninsula and fought with Goguryeo and China's commandos in the region. Baekje accepted Confucian ideas in its state beliefs system in 1390 CE, and established the male-centric notion of filiopiety into a doctrine. Under the cover of filiopiety fathers were responsible to their families. They had to be obedient to everyone and admired by even their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, which would rule from 918 to 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth during pronunciation. This greatly improved communication and led to an increase in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and movable type were also improved. It was during this period that the Samguk sagi, or 'History Of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.
Evolution in Korea
The Korean peninsula has been continuously inhabited since Neolithic times. The earliest evidence of human settlements is visible in the form of graves lined with stones, with precious goods such as amazonite jewellery being buried along with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, built from huge single stones, are common throughout the country.
Gojoseon became the first political state to be recognized during the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was later controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which most historians do not believe to be a proper Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Of them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all but its dynasty dissolved with the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE, leaving Baekje with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy thrived for some time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territories. In the final, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated the other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase the development paradigm of the country appears to be changing. People who are shocked by the cost of the old systems are in favor of a comprehensive plan for liberalization of capital, labor and markets for products. On the other hand those who support the old system are seeking to preserve it by leveraging nationalist sentiments and generating fear of job loss.
The academic and policy analysts remain starkly divided as to the extent to these two developments are driving Koreas shift towards a new model of economic governance. This article examines the five phases of Korea's development in terms of its political development: illiberal democracies (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies key factors that are the driving force behind these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made progress in promoting their views to this group. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly a third of respondents were against evolution. Of those, 41% said that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support the theory 39% claimed that it did not align with their religious beliefs. 17% said they did not understand it. This level of disbelief is comparable to that of the United States where a similar number do not believe that humans evolved from lesser advanced types of life.
In the past, the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on teaching students and the introduction of Christ to them. In 1980 an all-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers. This event attracted a large number of church leaders, and scientists.
The success of the event resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31 of 1980. The inauguration meeting was widely reported in national newspapers, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo, and it attracted a lot of attention.
KACR started publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In CREATION, the organization reported on its own activities and published articles on scientific evidence for the existence of God. It also translated slides and film strips from ICR as well as a few books on creationism that were already published outside of Korea. KACR members also gave talks in universities and churches across the country.
A KACR success was observed at KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were keen on the concept of creationism that they raised funds and received support to build a small creationist museum on campus.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION which covers topics in the field of creation science, and it has sponsored a series of talks by ICR staff. It also has an organization of local branch offices that give talks and seminars to children and other community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the latter part of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced by miniskirts and other foreign fashion elements. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. In the period of this transition, the famous samulnori or dance-dramas with masks were extremely popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drummers and other musical instruments.
The economic crisis has formed Korea's new model of development. The primary challenge facing the new regime lies in the proper balance between the state-led economic policies and market-oriented ones. It also involves changing the incentives, monitoring, and disciplining policies that created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 & 4.
Founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by the people who lived along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other regions, as well as immigrants from northern China. Baekje was a major regional power in the early 4th century expanded its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do website south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders at the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye an eminent noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. It also was in control of a portion of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo.
However the rule of his was short-lived. After Gungye's defeat, he was overthrown by a powerful local leader Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later Baekje was peacefully incorporated into Goryeo as a successor state. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central rule system. This marked the end to the Three Kingdoms Period. The Korean peninsula was then under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.